BIOTECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSAFETY

FIELD AGRICULTURE FOOD PRODUCTION

Dr. Ashok Kumar Panigrahi, Balasore.

Techniques questioned:

Genetical modification Agricultural Seeds- cotton, soya, maize, potato, rice trees forest.

Prologue

The encompassing macabre issue discussed world wide invasion science, ?biotechnology? virtually nook corner biosphere practically bad science, ?thanotechnology? ey living element concern speeding rate total annihilation biosphere. wh little episode 1980, tt Supreme Court decision case, Diamond vrs. Chakrabarty, we ht court decided tt biological life legally patentable.

History

Anand Mohan Chakrabraty microbiologist employee Electric Company (GE) developed type bacteria ingest oil oil spills. GE rushed patent 1971 wh td life forms patentable. GE sued won. 1985 Patent Trademark Office (PTO) ruled Chakrabraty ruling fr extended plants, seeds plant tissues entire plant kingdom.

company W. R. Grace granted 50 patents Indian Neem tree included patenting indigenous knowledge medicinal Neem products (since bn leveled ?biopiracy?). 1988 PTO issued patent animal Harvard Professors, Philip Lader Timothy A. Stewart created transgenic mouse hg genes chicken human being. 1991, PTO granted patent human stem cells human genes. Biocyte awarded European patent umbilical cord cells fm foetuses born babies en wt permission ?donors?. European Patents Office (EPO) received applications fm Baylor University patenting women bn genetically altered produce GE proteins mammary glands.

Baylor University essentially sought monopoly rights human mammary glands manufacture pharmaceuticals. Attempts ao patent blood cells indigenous people Panama, Solomon Islands Papua Guinea. decade ?Chakrabarty ruling? Supreme Court revolutionised research developments biotechnology involving microbes human led branded bad science, ?thanotechnology? following decade hated world wide. Biotech companies engaged biotech pharmaceuticals quickly moved agriculture, obtained patents seeds, buying seed companies, destroying tr seed stocks replacing se GE seeds. decade sl companies he gained monopoly control or sh seeds world wide soy, corn cotton ( processed foods cotton seed oil). result, nearly 2/3 rd. sh processed foods GM ingredient them.

However, labelings, concerned consumers aware sh pervasive food products biotech companies. Immediately companies kw aware citizen kept GM foods ty organized convince regulators require sh labelings. Somewhat shockingly bureaucratic risk evaluators blind eye ts ill motives bio-tech companies.

The concern

All genetical modifications based recombinant DNA technology. society faced unprecedented oy history science, life earth. GE technology enables profit oriented biotech companies capacity redesign living organisms, products te billion evolution. words Dr. George Wald, Nobel Laureate Medicine (1967), Higgins Professor Biology Harvard University, ?potentially cd breed animal plant diseases, sources cancer novel epidemics?.

On Record

In 1989, dozens Americans died thousands afflicted impaired owing ingestion genetically altered version food supplement ? tryptophan. settlement $ 2 billion paid Showa Denko, Japan?s 3rd. largest chemical company (Mayeno Gleich, 1994)

In 1996, pioneer Hi-Bred spliced Brazil nut genes io soy beans. individuals allergic nut apoplectic shock cause death. Animal tests confirmed peril product soon removed market fatalities occurred. words Marion Nestle, HOD Nutrition, York University, ?the tn ideal public ls fortunate. ?

In 1994 Food Drug Administration approved Monsanto’s r-BGH, GE growth hormone, injecting dairy cows enhance milk yield spite experts warning resultant increase IGF-1, potent chemical hormone, linked 400 ? 500 % risks human breast, prostrate colon cancer. According Dr. Samuel Epstein University Chicago, ? induces malignant transformation human breast epithelial cells. ? Studies Rats confirmed suspicion sd damage internal organs r-BGH ingestion. FDA?s tests spleen mass increase 46%, se prelude ?leukemia?. argument substance damaged pasteurization nullified 2 Monsanto?s scientists, Ted Elasser Brian Mc Bride fd 19% hormone destroyed ar 30 minutes boiling (pasteurization takes 30 seconds). Inspite Canada, EU, Australia, Zealand en UN?s Codex Alimentarius refusing endorse GE hormone, freely marketed Monsanto. fd tt 2 bureaucrats namely, Margaret Miller Micheal Taylor FDA helped Monsanto?s r-BGH pass risk factor barrier earlier Monsanto employees.

Several or GM products approved FDA involve herbicides tt commonly ?carcinogenic?, viz ? ?bromoxiny?l Bt. Cotton Monsanto’s ?round-up? Glufosinate GM soy, corn canola. Sharyn Martin, researcher, opined auto- immune diseases enhanced foreign DNA fragments food fy digested human stomach intestine. DNA fragments absorbed blood stream mix wh normal DNA recombination are, hence, unpredictable. Sh DNA fragments he GM soy or GM products available market.

The fear factor

Professor Joe Cummins, Professor Emeritus Genetics, University Western Ontario said, ? Virus resistant crops bg mainstay biotech industries. Te crops carry foreign virus genes genetically engineered empower plants resist virus attacks. fruits, vegetables baby food marketed category. Lab. experiments shown tt ?the GE viral genes food potentially rise viruses ? deadlier viruses crops protected from?, ft tt alarming.

In 1986, reported GE plants TMV genes delayed development disease ts report flood gates create resistance range viruses. tt viral coat protein production GE crop block virus entering io plant cell transgene exposed nucleic acids my viruses tt brought plant insect vectors. study results tt plant viruses acquire variety viral genes fm GE plants recombination.

For examples-

* Defective Red Color Mosaic Virus lacks gene enabling me cell cell he infectious ,but recombined copy gene GE Nicotina benthamiana plants, regenerated infectious RCMVirus.

* GE Brassica napus Nicotiana bigelovii containing ? gene- vi ?,

translational activator Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) wh

recombined wh complementary virus missing gene, and

produced infectious virus GE plants.

* N. benthamiana expressing segment Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV) coat protein gene recombined frequently defective virus missing gene.

* N. benthamiana transformed wh 3 dt constructs containing coat protein coding sequence African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). transformed plants we inoculated wh coat protein deletion mutant ACMV induces mild systemic symptoms control plants. Sl inoculated plants transgenic lines developed severe systemic symptoms typical ACMV confirming recombination occurred bn mutant viral DNA integrated construct DNA resulting production recombined viral progeny wh ? wild type ? virulency.

The CaMV recombination, ?

CaMV 35 promoter gene, ubiquitous viral sequence transgenic (GM) plants wh ay commercially released market undergoing field trials. gene GM plant producers drives production gene messages fm genes inserted provide herbicide tolerance, insect- pest resistance, antibiotic resistance range or functions deemed improve commercial quality crop plant. absence ts ?promoter gene?, ?inserted gene? remains inactive, presence gene activity maintained level plant tissues irrespective changing environmental conditions wh drastically affect activity ?promoters? native crop plant.

The 2 events wh occurred 1999 provoked Professor Cummins independent scientists draw global attention sh alarming industrial scientific maladies tt disastrous consequences. Professor Cummins 1994 questioned environmental safety release CaMV 35 promoter gene th GM plants. Experimental evidences available indicated tt frequency genetic recombination CaMV 35 promoter gene hr viruses. recombinant CCMV recovered fm 3% transgenic N. benthamiana containing CCMV sequences, recombinant CaMV recovered fm 36% transgenic N. begelovii.

Event -1. Scientists John Innes Research Institute published paper tt CaMV 35 promoter recombination ?hot spot? meaning prone break reassociate wh or pieces genetic material, viruses.

Event- 2. Dr. Arpad Pusztai, senior scientist UK govt. funded Rowett Institute Scotland sacked job revealed results feeding experiments suggesting tt transgenic potatoes we unsafe. lab. Rats fed GM food sd increased lymphocytes gut lining indicating damage intestine specific viral infection.

Scientists Mae- Wan Ho Angel Ryan published paper October 1999 issue Journal Microbial Ecology Health Disease warning tt CaMV 35 promoter interchangeable wh promoters or plant animal virus promiscuous functions efficiently plants, green algae, yeast E. coli. recombination hot spot flanked multiple motifs similar or recombination hot spots sh Agrobacterium ?T DNA vector, or commonly ud gene, transgenic plants. Ty claimed he demonstrated lab. recombination viral transgenes infecting viruses.

In article published online journal European Food Research Technology (2006) authors ( Marit R. Myhre, et. al. ) claimed he constructed expression vectors CaMV 35 promoter inserted ft 2 ?reporter genes? encoding firefly luciferase green fluorescent protein (GFP), respectively performed transient transfection experiments human enterocyte ? cell line, Caco – 2 fd CaMV 35 promoter genes drive expressions ?reporter genes? significant levels.

Super viruses

Promoter viral genes CaMV 35 mix or genes, viral, bacterial including retrovirus HIV Hepatitis B. CaMV para retrovirus. retro transposons available plant genomes (which mobile nature) host viruses wh CaMV 35 promoters, possibility super virus origin certain.

In Canadian study, plant infected wh Crippled Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CuMV) lacked gene nd movement bn plant cells, crippled CuMV be active 2 weeks ? evidence gene mixing, hg acquired nd activator surrounding ? evidence ? horizontal gene transfer ?.

The international Biosafety Protocol signed independent nations Montreal January 2000 ts continue direction.

Threat Antibiotics plants

Mh genetic implantation us ?marker? track gene goes cell. GM Maize plants ampicillin resistant gene. British Royal Society called banning marker threatens vital antibiotic?s use.

Resurgence Infectious diseases

?The Microbial Ecology Health Diseases? Journal reported 1998 tt genetic modifications food crops cause resurgence infectious diseases. cited cs resistance antibiotics, formation unknown viral strains, lowering body immunity altered food etc. drastic fallouts bioengineering genes. ao indicated occurrence horizontal gene transfer transgenic DNA bacteria. cited bacteria mouth, pharynx intestines taking transgenic (viral) DNA domestic animals food passed easily human th tr milk meat.

Increased food allergies

loss biodiversity food supply grown parallel wh increase food allergies. Mass studies indicate body cells immune sm reject excess ?homogeneity

food?. Monsanto’s analysis glyphosate ?resistant soya GM line contains 28% Kuniz ? trypsin inhibitor, kn allergen nutrient inhibitor.

Lowered Nutrition

A study Dr. Marc. Lappe 1999 published ?Journal Medicinal Food? GM foods lower levels nutrients ? especially ?phyto estrogen? compounds protect body fm heart disease cancer. study consumption GM Vita Faba, bean soy family, caused increase estrogen levels. alarming se baby food. Milk cows injected wh r-BGH (a GE growth hormone) contains substantially levels pus, bacteria fat cells.

Unnatural foods

bk Monsanto announced ?unexpected gene fragments? ?round-up ready? soybeans. wl kn ft tt modified proteins exits GE foods , proteins ingested humanity. FDAs? microbiologist Dr. Louis J. Pribyl 1992 warned pleiotropic (unintended and/or uncontrolled) effects occur GE plants frequencies exceeding 30 % unknown toxicants tr undesirable alterations levels nutrients escape breeders notice. FDA?s biotechnologist James Marayanski ao warned at lack consensus ag FDA?s scientists ?sameness? GM foods compared GM foods.

Environmental Impacts

Genetic modifications sought crop plants increase production reduce toxic agro chemicals. nothing

could truth. Professor David Ehrenfield, Professor Biology, Rutgers University rightly said, ? Wt lt decade fm GE crops are- increased sales agrochemicals production nutrient devoid hazardous food. ? Ontario(US) govt. study herbicide rise ly cultivation GM crops.

Soil toxicity

GM crop plants engineered resist types toxins herbicides pesticides etc. te chemicals sold biotech companies he developed GE crop plants boost agrochemical product sales. Scientists le R. J. Golburg predicted ago tt GM crops wl triple sale toxic agrochemicals or correct. According Fish Wildlife Services, ?Monsanto’s spray chemical ?Round-out? (a herbicide) threatens 74 endangered species US. attacks or plants? photosynthetic activities?. Malcolm Kane (former Head Food Safety Sainsbury’s chain Super markets) revealed govt. accommodate Monsanto, raised pesticide residue limits food form 6 ppm 20 ppm. According study report published University California, ?glyphosphate (the active principle ?round-up?) 3rd leading cause farm workers? illness. 14 persons died ingesting ?round-up?. ?

Soil-sterility pollution

Oregon, scientists GM bacterium, Klebsiella planticola, engineered breakdown agri wastes produce ethanol residual waste component compost material ? rendered soil sterile. eliminated essential soil nutrients nitrogen killed nitrogen capturing fungi. similar result fd GM bacteria, Rhizobium melitoli. Professor Guenther Stotzky York University se toxins tt eliminated Monarch butterflies released roots GM plants polluted soil lasted 18 months depressed soil microbial activity. Oregon study ao sd GM soil microbes killed wheat plants lab. wn added soil.

Loss seed sovereignty

Some time bk ?Time? magazine referred massive trend le seed corporations buy seed companies, destroying seed varieties replacing tr GM seeds patented control brands ? death birth?. GM seed companies additionally farmers sign contracts save tr seeds ? forfeiting sovereign rights seeds.

Super weeds

It shown GM Bt. endotoxins remain active soil 18 months (Marc Lappe Britt Bailey) transported wild plants creating super weeds resistant pests ? offsetting balance nature. Studies UK ( National Institute Agricultural Botany ) Denmark (Mikkelsen, 1996) growth super weeds nearby generation. UK studies ao tt super weeds resistant glufosinate ( herbicide). study 20 times genetic leakage GM plants th horizontal gene transfer. French study tt GM canola cd transfer genes wild radishes. According ?New Scientists?, farmer Alberta, Canada, bn 1997 1999 planted 3 fields GM canola seeds produce 3 dt mutant weeds wh we resistant Monsanto’s ?Round-up?, Cyanamid?s ?Pursuit? Aventi?s ?Liberty?, patented herbicides.

GE super trees, loss biodiversity ecosystem collapse

GE super trees developed withstand doses herbicide sprays air kill surrounding life GE trees. trees flowering sterile. Monsanto’s super trees en exude toxic chemicals leaves kill caterpillars visiting insect life. 2002 China planted millions ?poplar? super trees combat deforestation, creating monoculture forests. flowerless toxin oozing trees eliminating flying insects (bees butterflies included) reducing insect world booklice earwigs. plantation wild oy cause collapse forest ecosystem comprising fungi, insects, earthworms, birds mammals ao cause intensive genetic contamination th gene flow transgenes wild affect animal human health. reported study transgene flow transgene introgression fm cultivar wild (J. R. Reichman L. S. Watrud, Molecular Ecology, 2006) cited established existence transgenic plants wild Oregon, USA. involved glyphosate ? resistant ?creeping bent grass? (Agrostis stolonifera L. ) plants expressing CP4 EPSPS gene Agrobacterium spp. Strain CP4, conferring resistance herbicide glyphosate, transgenes we agronomic habitats outside experimental test plots central Oregon study.

Super pests

Lab. tests indicate cotton bollworms, common plant pest getting resistant Bt. sprays . stink bug epidemic reported fm North Carolina Georgia suspected linked GE plants, loved pest. GE company Monsanto recommended spray deadliest chemical, ?Methyl parathion? control pest. Transgenic Bt. Cotton or GE crops failed US, India ee mainly pest ps bs desired expected production failures. Bt. Cotton engineered kill pests American bollworms, pink bollworms bud worms ed eliminating te pests? natural predators td te pests super pests.

Killing beneficial insects

Several field studies GM products kill beneficial insects Monarch butterflies larvae (Cornell, 1999). Bt. Crops killed Lace wings wh natural predators cotton worms. Honey bees killed wn ty feed proteins GM canola flowers Bt. Cotton flowers.

Poisonous mammals

GM potatoes, spliced wh DNA Snowdrop plant wh viral promotor (CaMV 35 s) poisonous mammals (as rats) damaging vital organs immune systems. Scientist he demanded GM products using CaMV ? 35 promotor gene drawn fm commercial production.

Genetic pollution

Some GM crops flowerless all. GM pollens carried wind, rain, birds, bees & insects, fungus bacteria causesevere genetic pollution. Pollen fm GM canola, GE oilseed rape Bt. cotton me sl hd meters pollute GM varieties wild varieties species barriers causing horizontal gene transfer. postulated ubiquitous promotor, CaMV 35 s, enhance

horizontal gene transfer recombination.

A study 50% wild straw berries growing 50 meters GM straw berry acquired GM gene markers study sd 25-38% wild sunflowers grown close GM crop GM gene markers. Similar studies me Germany wh respect GE Oil seed rape Thailand wh respect Bt. Cotton he confirmed American findings.

A study England sd tt sl GM planting contaminated wild honey

meant bees carried GM pollens organic plantings the

wild, wh transgenic elements them.

A revolution ? blue revolution? aquaculture growing rapidly in

commercial fishes salmons, trouts cat fishes genetically

modified grow fast size (up 39 X). will, turn, wipe their

cousins wild. regulation safety GM and

native/wild species biodiversity now.

Decline Destruction family farms sl land holders

In US, population engaged agriculture 60% 1850; 4% 1950 2% now. 1935 te we 7 million farms wh stands ls 2 million. Me ls similar declines occurred world. remains family farms land holders produce tn 60% foods. decline takes root GATT ? WTO regulations. economic strength legislative powers bn agri corporations GATT ? WTO dominated world order. Promotion GM products food business te agri corporations. nr native paddy varieties numbering thousands he bn lost India agri revolutions. world or wipe 1,00,000 traditional vanilla farmers Madagascar Comoros Islands GM vanilla; sl lakh sugar cane farmers world GE fructose. Sudan lg lost export gum arabic. modest estimate ps figure $ 14 billion synthetic substitutes natural farm products world. Te attempts grow food laboratories eliminating seeds, soil plants shifting task food productions farming communities GE laboratories.

Control dependency

Terminator Technology:-

GE seed companies he ensured legislations tt farmers wd eligible save exchange patented seeds. fail farmers seed collection seed saving, ty developed introduced technology, broadly called ?Terminator technology? ensure seeds rendered sterile ar harvest. Te seeds contain ?suicide? genes male female lines. male sterility caused gene (US patent no. 5,750,867 owned Aventis) bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefeciens called ?barnase? coding ribonuclease renders pollens ?dead? failing pollen cells fm undergoing meiosis halve chromosomes. Besides, pollen lethality gene ud expressed late development male flowers, pollen cells meiosis tt prevents pollens formed. female sterility gene (US patent no. 5,633,441 owned Aventis) linked selectable marker gene wh promoter, female sterile plants selected. terminator genes, barnase, include papain active protein, A- fragment diphtheria toxin, Marker genes ud include herbicide resistance gene, gene conferring disease pest resistance, GUS gene glucuronidase, gene encoding Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) endotoxin. major pm associated process genetic constructs te occurs lot gene scrambling integrated genetic engineers ct control tr integrations tr multiplications which, turn, multiply uncertainties unpredictabilities GM crops. genes currently GM crop productions recombinase terminator lethal genes harmful cells including mammalian cells. recombinase cause recombination non- specific sites causing le scale genome scrambling (ISIS News 7/8 ). Besides, synthetic genes or GM constructs spread horizontal gene transfer unrelated species controlled. Ts cause scale destruction existing biodiversity evolved nature forces evolution.

Traitor technology:-

This ar patented bad technology released market modern agro corporations se GM crops he technologically controlled stages life cycles ? wn leaf, flower bear fruit – influence triggering chemicals. Thus, farmer forced te chemicals he/she yield harvest, pushing him/her deeper levels economic dependence debt.

Less diversity, quality, quantity profit

The misleading hope raised GM technology firms oy GM crops wl solve world?s hunger. World wide studies proved doubt monoculture crop yields acre compaired polyculture crops ? seeds interplanted bn rows, fence dt patches se area. study 8,200 field trials, Round ready soybeans produced fewer bushels soy GM cousin( Charles Benbrook, fr Director, Board Agriculture, National Academy Science). average yield GM soybeans 51. 21 bushels acre; GM variety 49. 26. Ts confirmed study University Nebraska?s Institute Agricultural Resources. Monsanto’s 5 strains soya planted 4 dt locations varied soil environments. Dr. Elmore average expensive GM seeds produced 6% tn GM varieties 11% ls yielding conventional crops. yield higher( Bt. Cotton field study US. ), cost seeds fertiliser reduced net profit substantially decreasing depleted cost-benefit(B:C) ratio further. agronomy, cost-benefit ratio factor signifies farmer?s sustainability. decreasing B:C ratio indicates farmer?s declining economy; profit tt ct continue agriculture.

Fragility future agriculture:-

Loss agro biodiversity makes agriculture fragile. ce Irish potato famine 1840s glaring example importance crop diversity factor. Irish farmers cultivated varieties, Peruvian farmers thousands varieties ts diversity provided constant resource blight resistance potato crop. recent past similar situation arose Russia virulent strain ? potato late blight ? threatened Russian potato crop, broadly ability withstand harsh Russian winter. Citrus cancer blight threatened Florida?s $ 8. 5 billion citrus fruit industry 2000. Coca plants, mono cropped nearly identical, endangered international blight. Thus, destruction rr conservation crop diversity seed stocks GM agro corporations create dangerous situation future agriculture extremely fragile.

More pesticides diminishing yields:-

Contrary tall claims GM companies field studies sw bt organic farming techniques ? using rich natural resources as produce resistant crops wh hr yields B:C ratios GM crops. GM crops, or years, demanded 2 ? 5 times me pounds biocides acre GM crop varieties leads drastical environmental deteriorations.

Economic, political social factor

Monopolisation food production:-

There approximately 1500 seed companies worlds wide at dozen control 50% global commercial seed market. seed corporations buying seed companies using clandestinely tr market faith. 2000, 5 corporations controlled 40% soy seed market; 3 corporations controlled 90% corn seed market; 2 corporations controlled 75% cotton seed market company diminishing monopolistic market control increasing. Competing GATT- WTO norms oy farming families diminishing abruptly net annual farm income. Average annual income fm family farms US/ Europe plummeted decade rendering families survive bw poverty level.

Impact food dependency:-

When food production monopolised, future supply dependent decisions companies effective seed stocks. crop diversity waning ? lost developed world process world countries pockets ? Peruvian potatoes Indian paddy varieties, world. Food scientists indicate te indigenous territories fr disturbed biotech’s advances, term vitality world?s food supply lost ever.

Leading Agro Biotech Corporations & tr Agribusiness,1999.

Corporations Total

Sales Agribusiness Sales Seed

Production Ranking (global) Agro-

Chemical Sales Ranking (global) Pharmaceutical

Sales (their

Original business. ) Research &

Development Investments

A. ?Life Science? Gp (involved mainly genetic modification various crop

plants)

Aventis $20. 5 billion $4. 6 billion n/a 1 $13. 9 billion $3 billion

Novartis

(Syngenta) $20. 3 billion $4. 4 billion 3 2 $9. 8 billion $2. 2 billion

Monsanto(98) $8. 6 billion $4 billion 2 3 $2. 8 billion $1. 3 billion

Astra Zeneca

(Syngenta) $18. 4 billion $2. 7 billion 6 5 $14. 8 billion $2. 9 billion

B. ?Industrial Science? Gp (involved mainly production various

agrochemicals)

Bayer $27 billion $3. 1 billion n/a 6 $5 billion $2. 1 billion

DuPont $26. 9 billion $3 billion 1 4 $1. 6 billion $1. 6 billion

Dow $18. 9 billion $2. 3 billion —— 8 —— $0. 85 billion

BASF $29. 5 billion $1. 7 billion —— 9 $2. 5 billion $1. 3 billion

Biocolonisation:-

Colonisation past th technologically superior armies. weapon hands superpowers biological GM seed. person loses food sufficiency entangled food dependency. 5,00,000 alert Indian farmers staged protest GATT 1993 opposing GM seeds , GM agro products. Recently European communities launched Slow food movement wh fast growing global movement essentially aimed curbing GM crops save diminishing biodiversity and

indigenous knowledge farming techniques, biodiversity based organic farming.

Dependency slavery:-

The regulations th world orders, GATT ? WTO etc. , autonomy local economies wholly overridden. Foreign companies buy local companies, seeds, water, land natural resources, converting exported cash, pushing local economies dependency slavery.

Where ds future lead to?

Long ago philosopher Descartes postulated space universally

or infinitely separated. lg ago Einstein devised famous formula, =mc2, led annihilation 2 Japanese cities tt brought end to 2nd world war. time genetic engineering gene splicing, recombinant DNA technology, introduction foreign DNAs ? promoters markers ? genetic modification life forms ? betterment mankind using thanotechnology bad money. Global sense prevailed destroy restrict nuclear weapons owned 2 super powers. insanity spreading fast form recombinant DNA technology applications living world threatening existence. Cartesian approach form?

Is safe tn sorry ?

In response rapid developments genetic engineering

applications life forms, Cartagena Protocol Biosafety negotiated entered force September, 2003. Protocol

sets regime governing international movement GMOs the

aim protect global biodiversity adverse effects GMOs. The

WTO covers trade GMOs, ts aim i. e. , prevent

limitations free movement GMOs. Thus, Protocol sense

clash WTO. Hence, harmonisation agreements highly

desirable. suggestion Protocol WTO as

evidence internationally accepted standards relation GMOs. is

unlikely WTO wd accept sh proposal. solution?

By 1999, 28 million hectares GE crop plantations world wide ur claim pest, disease resistant wd provide eh food world hunger.

The opinion crops we released wt tests questioned term safety wh respect human environment.

Governments world dilemma, allow allow it, decision mt ly heavily influenced bureaucrats view lack adequate scientific consensus issue threat biological world.

Based convention Biodiversity, Cartagena Protocol tt entered force fm 11 September, 2003 set regime dealt wh international movement living modified organisms (LMOs) included GMOs or organisms created cell fusion dt taxonomic categories ? accordance precautionary principles.

The Protocol applies 2 categories LMOs:-

1. LMOs intended release environment sh fish, plants and

seeds etc. covered operational sections.

2. LMOs intended food feed processing cornflakes,

soya milk etc.

All LMOs pharmaceuticals humans excluded fm Protocol,

which objected European Union Ss vetoed objection.

Under Protocol, trade LMOs parties ( ) mt carried se manner wh parties.

Articles 7 ? 12 Protocol, Advance Informed Agreement (AIA) described backbone requires exporting country obtain consent importing country shipping living LMOs time informing national authority. importing country mt acknowledge receipt notification decide accept shipment period time. Protocol, risk assessment carried decisions relation acceptance LMO shipments. party accept shipment cn condition, prohibit import request additional information fm exporter. addition Protocol establishes ?Biosafety clearing house? wh importing country inform decision import particular LMO 270 days original notification. However, Protocol failure notify ds imply consent.

The party Protocol exerted considerable influence scope Protocol participating negotiations. intentions ensure Protocol limited effect possible, or protect biotech industry. primary objective me Protocol subordinate WTO rules international trade GMOs wd disrupted.

Consequent un involvement, 135 mr countries soon divided 2 gs viz. ? Minded Group? developing countries Argentine, Chile Uruguay ?Miami Group?comprising countries Australia, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay U. S. ,the GMO exporting importing countries. Miami favoured weak Protocol disrupt international trade GMOs.

The continually sought he issue trade GMOs shifted WTO?s mandate. Oy lack support fm EU forced WTO decline addressing GMO issue which, turn, lent weight Protocol.

Under insistence draft Protocol included ?savings clause? ?preamble? ?operative part? reference 2nd paragraph ignoring 3rd paragraph claims tt treaty alter rights obligations governments ur rules WTO.

Any conflict Protocol WTO wd mt referred WTO Disputes Panel Dispute signed environment agreement (as US). example India, acting consistently Protocol banned import GMOs US, conflict WTO Disputes panel claiming tt India breached WTO rules sh result wl predicted se Dispute body?s role interpret WTO agreement Protocol.

Hence, question ? br safe tn sorry? answer be, ?sorry, late?. mid globalization. he ay decided fate legislations policy decisions fm ps backtrack. he biodiversity sustain matter cost.