INTRODUCTION

Catfish family Claridae fish mt commonly grown Nigeria. development aquaculture Nigeria, ly improved steady increase catfish culture. culture Clarias gariepinus hypophysation launched western Nigeria 1973, procedure widely practiced tt Nigeria led increase catfish farming 80 today. species catfish aquaculture promoted Nigeria include: Clarias gariepinus, bidorsalis Heterobranchus, Clarias Hybrid Heterobranchus (Heteroclarias) Clarias nigrodigitatus. Sp Heterobranchus fish commonly grown south-eastern Nigeria.

Larval PRODUCTION

Despite popularity African catfish market potential, production sl essentially subsistence level majorly lack seeds storage ps supply. Europe, approximately 75% applications Clarias Fingerlings supplied se manufacturers. Nigeria, however, fingerlings supplied government private nurseries sufficient meet demands Fingerling Catfish farmers.

The artificial propagation C. gariepinus hatcheries hormone induction. Farmers suspension homoplastic pituitary comfortable, convenient reliable tn similar hormone synthesis imported. Weight C. gariepinus breeding artificial reproduction 0. 3kg 2kg (Olaleye, 2005). Despite tower wh hormones reproduction induced spawning survival fraught wh biotic abiotic factors. biotic factors cannibalism, heavy predation frogs / aquatic insects abiotic factors including water temperature, dissolved oxygen (> 4. 5mg/L-1), levels ammonia . Dg ft week stocking, mt critical factor successful treatment larval catfish availability zooplankton. Food feeding larvae, fry catfish mt studied shown influence growth survival fish. Studies he shown life zooplankton preferred food larvae. sl businesses oy Fingerling size larvae ponds wh organic fertilizer density bn 30-1000 larvae/m2 (Olaleye, 2005). Fry stocked rearing ponds rate 50-75 fish/m3 gd management.

SYSTEM CULTURE

Due cannibalistic nature Clarias gariepinus, me sorting required. fry fish / fry rearing, tanks wh mosquito screening, recommended avoid dragonflies predatory insects breeding ponds. Poly-culture Clarias gariepinus Tilapia species used. poly-culture Clarias gariepinus Oreochromis niloticus, supplemented poultry wh supplementary feeding proved vital.

Food Nutrition

Food feeding fish-ponds cats companies ps mt documented literature. Various efforts he bn me determine crude protein amino acids ny C. gariepinus. Ayinla (1988) recommended 35% 40% crude protein (PB) increase table size broodstock, respectively. 10 essential amino acids (EAA) required species warmwater fish, 3 EAAS studied documented arginnie, methionine lysine. formulate compound Aqua foods meet nutritional requirements catfish affordable, conventional unconventional animal byproducts crop residues he bn tested replace substitute fish meal (Table 1). energy development changed single ingredient, flour, pellets Pellet dissemination floating pellets tt makes difference development aquaculture Nigeria C. gariepinus raised maturity 6 months.

The hybridization Clarias gariepinus longifilis Heterobranchus

The wishes farmers scientists he catfish farming, combines characteristics rapid growth maturation spp Heterobranchus treatment C. gariepinus led development hybrid Heteroclarias spp. technology bn widely accepted 58% rate return (IRR) investments (Adeogun et al, 1999).

CHANGE CULTURE

The revised Oresegun et al (2007), reported fish farmers Nigeria, raised fish burrow abandoned ws fields mines aboveground pools sm extensive production. introduction containers cement pool manageable size environmental change, flow water sm supplementary feeding, yield fish. advent indoor water circulation sm (WRS) od perspective aquaculture. introduction WRS created tg production catfish Nigeria.

PROSPECTS CULTURE

The history aquaculture Nigeria essentially history culture catfish hope fish supply Nigeria clings development culture. Recent trends world, reported decline landings capture fisheries, indicator tt fish stocks he approached surpassed pt maximum sustainable yield. Aquaculture oy alternative increase fish production meet nd proteins population. observed tt me 30,000 tons freshwater fish species fm brackish water captured 2000, catfish we abundant near Tilapin (Table 2). FAO (1993) reported 27,488 tonnes catfish produced 1990 we consumed locally. Ts implies te as increased production local international markets.

Table 1: plant residues cultivation Nigeria Clariidae.

Conventional raw vegetables

Availability

Fish

References

Peanut cake

Adequate

C. anguillaris

Solomon et al. (1996); Eyo & Adelowo (1990)

Soybean meal;

Normal fat / fat;

Hulled solvent extracted soybean meal;

Extruded / unshaped

Adequate

C. anguillaris

C. gariepinus

C. gariepinus

H. longifilis

Solomon et al. (1996); & Ologhobo Balogun (1989); Fashakin & Balogun (1996); Adewumi (2005)

Eyo et al. (2001); Fagbenro & Davis (2003)

Non-conventional plant foods

Availability

Fish

References

Cocoa pod husk

Sesame Seeds

Adequate

N /

C. isheriensiss

C. gariepinus

Fagbenro (1992)

Olukunle & Falay (1998)

Table 2: Aquaculture production Nigeria

Tons Species

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), O. O. niloticus hybrid Aureus) 11363

Galilaeus Sarotherodon melanopleura S. T. Zilli, T. Elaeis 3025

Mud Catfishes (Clarias gariepinus, C. anguillaris, isheriensis C) 6553

Bidorsalis Heterobranchus, longifilis H. Heterobranchus Clarias Hybrid 2832

Wolf brackish (Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus) 1515

Carp (common carp, Cyprinus carpio, carp India Goldfish Carrasus sp.) 1280

Heterotis (Heterotis niloticus) 654

Mullet (Mugil cephalus, Liza falcipinnis) 336

Snakehead (obscrura Parachanna) 297

Other fish 2921

Total 30,776

Fagbenro, et al. (2003)

A facing production catfish. are: weak management capacity, lack quality seeds, lack capital, cost feed, collection erroneous data, lack consideration environmental marketing product. people currently engaged agriculture lack catfish management skills. Ah bn considerable research production food catfish nutrition, cheap food replacement alternative farmers fishmeal Wolf sl count expensive, imported floating food pellets.

The success industries catfish, trout, rainbow salmon United mainly availability food form granules me basis nutritional studies fish years. Te urgent coordination research, sh access food manufacturers data relevant quality food production relatively cheap.

The Federal government public-States' / partnership programs private initiative private hatcheries establishing standards gradually paying solving scarcity seeds. However, produce quality seed, aquaculture explore potential genetics. date, educational institutions wl equipped laboratories wh genetic research de production genetically improved varieties catfish (Omitoyin, 2007).

CONCLUSION

Considerable effort devoted study production Clarias spp Heterobranchuis Nigeria. Catfish farming continued attract private sector initiative relation public previous government sponsored programs. related production, particular issue twins workflow supply fingerlings addressed, Nigeria soon exporter catfish.

REFERENCES

Adeogun, OA, OA Ayinla MO Ajana EA Ajao (1999): Economic

Impact Assessment catfish hybrid (Heteroclarias) Nigeria. Technical Report National Agricultural Research Project (NARP). NIOMR, Victoria Island, Lagos. 27.

Adewumi AA (2005): Effects heating time breeding soybean

nutrition reproductive performance C. gariepinus (Burchell 1822). 162p.

Ayinla OA (1988): Performance Nutrition reproduction Clarias gariepinus

(Burchell 1822). Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University Ibadan, Nigeria. 433p.

Balogun Ologhobo AD (1989): Growth nutrient

Fingerlings C. gariepinus (Burchell) fed raw cooked diets soybean. Aquaculture, 76:119-126.

AA Eyo Adelowo E. (1990): response fry mudfish dt levels peanut cake soybean meal. In: NIFFR annual report. Pp 104-109.

Eyo, AA, BA TC Falai Ajayi (2001): comparison extruded extruded

soybean meal feed mudfish genetically improved longifilis H. minors. Book abstracts 16th Annual Conference Fisheries Society Nigeria, Baga, 4-9 November, p35.

Fagbenro OA (1992): Utilization cocoa pod husks diet low cost clariid

catfish, C. isheriensis Syndeham. Aquacare. Fish. Manag. 23:175-182.

Fashakin E. Balogun (1996): Replacement groundnut cake wh

soybean meal diets processed catfish mud African C. gariepinus. J. Appl. Trop. Agriculture. 1,5-11.

Fagbenro, OA Adeparusi EO Fapounda OO (2003): Animals Food

replacement fish farming Nigeria. In: National Seminar Development fish feed feeding practices aquaculture. Organized Fison, NIFFR FAO-NSPF. Eyo A. A.. Pp 60-72.

Fagbenro, OA SJ Davis (2003): hh percentages soy protein

concentrated substitute fishmeal feeding practices African catfish, C. gariepinus (Burchell 1822): growth, utilization digestibility feed. J. Aquacare applied. . 16 (1).

FAO (1993): Yearbook fishery statistics. Catches landings. FAO Kingdom

Nations, Rome. Vol 72, 643P.

Olaleye VF (2005): review reproduction gamete management African countries

catfish, C. gariepinus (Burchell). Ife J. Sci 7 (1): 63-70.

Olukunle Falay AO AE (1998): meal replacement sesame seeds

fishmeal diet catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Appl. Trop. Agric. 3 (2): 86-91.

Omitoyin, RB (2007): Introduction fish farming Nigeria. University Ibadan Press.

90p.

Oresegun, A.; OA Ayinla GR Akanda, M. J. Ndemo Simpa (1996) animal

feeding fish farmers Lagos State. NIOMR, Technical Paper No. 19. 11.

Oresegun, A. Oguntade Ayinla OA (2007): review culture catfish

Nigeria. Nig. J. fishing. 4 (1) :27-52.

Solomon, SG, AA Eyo Sikoki FD (1996): investigation effect

replacing fishmeal soybean meal, peanut meal blood meal varies proportionally growth feed utilization fingerling Clarias anguillaris hapas fed outside. In: Proceedings 13th Annual Conference Fisheries Society Nigeria (Fison), Bussa, 3-8 November 1996. Edited A. A. Eyo. Pp 144-150.